As a singular concept it arose in mid-eighteenth century, distinguishing a high degree of social and cultural development from “barbarism” and “savagery”. Civilization(s) is a concept with different meanings in singular and in plural, belonging to different semantic fields, at least in European languages. The nations sustaining contemporary states are very different, and major routes of historical nation-state formation can be distinguished, which means that global discussions of nation-states cannot be confined to such states “in a European sense” only.
Voters elected a new president Wednesday and will now eye up the long-term goal of full independence, despite some estimates that doing so could relegate it to being Europe's poorest nation.Nation-states are inherently part of cultural formations, sustaining, legitimating, and inspiring them.
In the Arctic Circle, Greenland remains under Denmark's control despite having its own government. in 2014, but a majority of Scots voted to remain in a union with England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Scotland held its own referendum on whether to break away from the U.K. In response to the referendum, Baghdad seized back Kurdish land. Kurdish minorities are spread through Iraq and its neighbors. The autonomous region of Kurdistan, in northern Iraq, held a referendum in September last year but the results were strongly opposed by Iraq's central government in Baghdad and neighboring Turkey, Iran and Syria. Militant group Eta issued an apology Monday to those it killed during its armed struggle for Basque independence. The Basque Country in northern Spain also lays claim to independence. Spain's government dismissed it as illegal and said politicians leading the rebellion could be jailed. Catalonia declared independence from Spain in October 2017 following a historic referendum.
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